Protection settings define when the controller limits or stops output and when it can recover. Diagnose the condition that triggered protection before changing a limit; the documented values below are examples, not a safe tune for every build.
PROTECT
| Parameter | Value | System Role | Under Load Behavior | Interaction | Real-World Behavior | Failure Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OverVolProtect | 91.1V | Over-voltage limit | Cuts power on high voltage | Regen / Battery | Prevents overcharge | Sudden cutout |
| OverVolRestore | 89.6V | Recovery threshold | Restores after voltage drops | Regen | Smooth recovery | Oscillation if close |
| LowVolProtect | 58V | Low-voltage cutoff | Limits discharge | Battery / Load | Prevents over-discharge | Power loss |
| LowVolRestore | 60V | Recovery threshold | Restores after voltage rise | Battery | Normal operation resumes | Cycling |
| MotorTempProtect | 160°C | Motor thermal limit | Reduces/halts output | Phase current | Prevents motor damage | Thermal shutdown |
| MotorTempRestore | 140°C | Recovery temp | Restores operation | Motor temp | Safe restart | Delay |
| ControllerTempProtect | 100°C | Controller limit | Reduces output | Current system | Protects controller | Power reduction |
| ControllerTempRestore | 80°C | Recovery temp | Restores output | Controller temp | Stable recovery | Delay |
| O BattCoeff | 896 | Battery scaling | SOC/voltage modeling | Battery system | Accurate estimation | Misread |
| Full BattCoeff | 1250 | Full charge scaling | SOC calibration | Battery system | Accurate full state | Misread |
| ThrottleLost | 0-Inval | Safety logic | Detects throttle fault | Throttle system | Prevents runaway | Disabled safety |
| ThrottleInsert | 256 | Input detection | Validates throttle signal | Throttle system | Stable input | Misread |
| BackP_Time | 18-240s | Reverse timing | Limits reverse duration | BackSpeed | Safe reverse use | Lockout |
| ReleaseToSeat | 2s | Safety delay | Requires seat signal | Seat input | Prevents unintended accel | Delay |
| BlockTime | 50s | Fault block | Locks system after fault | Protection logic | Prevents repeated faults | Downtime |
| ParkTime | 10s | Park delay | Engages park after idle | Park system | Anti-roll | Unexpected lock |
| LmtSpdStartCap | 0 | Speed cap start | Limits acceleration | Speed system | Controlled start | Weak launch |
| LmtSpdMinCap | 0 | Min cap | Lower bound limit | Speed system | Neutral | Restriction |
| LmtSpdMaxCoeff | 128 | Speed scaling | Caps max speed | LimitSpeed | Controlled top speed | Reduced performance |
| TurtleSpeedCurrCoeff | 53 | Limp mode current | Reduces power in fault | Current system | Reduced performance mode | Very weak output |
| BattSignal | 3-Lithium Battery | Battery type | Defines battery model | Protection system | Correct behavior | Mis-scaling |
| LowVol Way | 11-SOP | Low voltage logic | Defines cutoff behavior | Voltage system | Stable cutoff | Erratic cutoff |
| IntRes | 32 | Internal resistance | Models voltage sag | Current / Voltage | Accurate sag response | Misbehavior |
| TempCoeff | 300 | Temp scaling | Adjusts temp readings | Thermal system | Accurate protection | Misread temps |
Core behavior:
- Protection system defines hard safety limits for voltage, temperature, current behavior, and system faults
- These parameters override all performance settings when thresholds are exceeded
- The system continuously monitors conditions and intervenes to prevent damage
Core principle:
If Limit Exceeded -> Reduce Power or Shutdown
Interaction layer:
- Voltage protection interacts heavily with regen (OverVolProtect) and load (LowVolProtect)
- Temperature protection interacts with MaxPhaseCurr and sustained load
- IntRes influences voltage sag modeling, affecting low-voltage cutoffs under load
- Throttle and safety inputs prevent unintended acceleration or faults
- Turtle mode reduces current when faults or limits are approached
Real-world behavior:
High load -> voltage sag -> potential low-voltage cutoff
Strong regen -> voltage spike -> possible over-voltage cutout
Sustained acceleration -> heat buildup -> thermal limiting
Fault conditions -> system enters reduced power (turtle mode) or shuts down
Riders experience:
- Sudden power loss under extreme load
- Reduced performance when hot
- Cutouts during aggressive regen on full battery
Limits and failure modes:
- Overly aggressive limits -> frequent cutouts and poor usability
- Too loose limits -> risk of motor, controller, or battery damage
- Incorrect IntRes -> inaccurate sag prediction -> unexpected cutoffs
- Disabled safety (ThrottleLost, etc.) -> unsafe operation
Tuning Guidance (ONYX-Specific)
- Set voltage limits based on actual battery pack (72V nominal -> align cutoffs accordingly)
- Ensure OverVolProtect accounts for regen spikes on full charge
- Keep thermal limits conservative - QS motors generate high heat under load
- Adjust IntRes to match real battery behavior for accurate sag modeling
- Do not disable safety features unless fully understood
- If experiencing cutouts:
- Check voltage sag (LowVolProtect)
- Check regen spikes (OverVolProtect)
- Check thermal limits before increasing current